虚拟语气(Subjunctive mood)是英语中一种特殊的语气,用于表达假设、愿望、建议、要求等。虚拟语气通常出现在从句中,其动词形式与陈述语气有所不同。虚拟语气的使用需要根据不同的语境和意义进行区分。以下是虚拟语气的类型和用法。
一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气:
非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的甚至完全不可能发生的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
1、与现在事实相反的假设
(1). If + 主语 + 动词过去式,主语 + would/could/should + 动词原形
这种虚拟语气用于表达与现在事实相反的假设,通常使用“if”引导条件从句,主句中的情态动词表示假设的结果。
例如:
– If I had more time, I would study more.(如果我现在有更多的时间,我会学得更多。)
– If she knew, she would come.(如果她现在知道,她就会来。)
(2). Suppose/supposing + 主语 + 动词过去式,主语 + would/could/should + 动词原形
这种虚拟语气用于表示与现在事实相反的假设,也可以使用“suppose/supposing”引导条件状语从句。
例如:
– Suppose it rained, what would you do?(假如现在下雨,你会怎么做?)
– Supposing he were here, what would you say?(假如他此刻在这里,你会怎么说?)
2、与过去事实相反的假设
If + 主语 + had + 过去分词,主语 + would/could/should + have + 过去分词
这种虚拟语气用于表示与过去事实相反的假设,通常使用“if”引导条件状语从句,主句中的情态动词表示假设的结果。
例如:
– If I had known, I would have come.(如果我当时知道,我当时会来的。)
– If he had not been there, she would have been in trouble.(如果他当时不在那儿,她当时就会有麻烦。)
– If I had studied harder, I could have passed the test.(如果我当时学得更努力一些,我当时就能通过考试了。)
3、与将来事实相反的假设
(1). If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形,主语 + would/could/should + 动词原形
例如:
– If it were to snow tomorrow, the students wouldn’t go to school.(如果明天下雪的话,学生们就不会去上学。)
– If I were to fail the exam next week, I would retake it.(如果我下周考试不及格,我会重新补考。)
(2). If + 主语 + should + 动词原形,主语 + would/could/should + 动词原形
例如:
– If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.(如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。)
二、表示愿望的虚拟语气:
– I wish I could speak Spanish.(我希望我能说西班牙语。)
– If only I had more time!(要是我有更多时间就好了!)
三、表示建议、命令的虚拟语气:
– I suggest that he (should) be more careful.(我建议他更加小心。)(should可省略)
– It is important that everyone be on time.(每个人都准时到达很重要。)
四、倒装:
当从句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。
例如:
– Were I Tom,I would refuse.(如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。)
– Should it be necessary,I would go.(假若有必要,我会去的。)
– Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time.(若不是天气坏,我们就准时到达了。)
– Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.(要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去了。)
– Were she here,she would agree with us.(如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。)
– Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.(如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。)